cuneiform

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/ˈkjuːnɪfɔːrm/
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An ancient Mesopotamian writing system using wedge-shaped marks, and — in anatomy — a term for wedge-shaped structures, both derived from the Latin word for wedge.

Examples

  • Anatomists describe the three cuneiform bones as medial, intermediate, and lateral.
  • The decipherment of cuneiform in the 19th century opened an entire civilisation to modern scholarship.
  • The medial cuneiform bone articulates with the first metatarsal.
  • The museum's collection includes hundreds of cuneiform inscriptions from Ur.
  • She spent a decade learning to read cuneiform before publishing her translation of the Gilgamesh epic.

Similar words

sumerian script
sphenoid
wedge script
cuneate
mesopotamian script
wedge-shaped

Meanings

Ancient Mesopotamian writing system

noun
history
neutral
A system of writing developed in ancient Sumer around 3400 BCE, using wedge-shaped marks pressed into wet clay tablets with a reed stylus; used by Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and other early civilisations.

Usage

Use cuneiform as a noun when referring to the ancient script itself, or as a modifier: 'a cuneiform tablet', 'cuneiform inscription'. It is not the same as Egyptian hieroglyphics.

Examples

  • Archaeologists uncovered a cuneiform tablet recording a grain transaction from 3000 BCE.
  • She spent a decade learning to read cuneiform before publishing her translation of the Gilgamesh epic.
  • The museum's collection includes hundreds of cuneiform inscriptions from Ur.
  • Cuneiform was eventually displaced by the Aramaic alphabet across much of the Near East.
  • The decipherment of cuneiform in the 19th century opened an entire civilisation to modern scholarship.

Common mistakes

Do not attribute cuneiform to Egypt — it was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Also note the common misspelling cuniform (missing the 'e').
IncorrectCorrect
The Egyptians invented cuniform writing. Cuneiform was invented by the ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia.
cuniform tablet cuneiform tablet

Similar words

Wedge-shaped (anatomy)

adjective
medicine
technical
Having the form of a wedge; applied in anatomy chiefly to three small tarsal bones of the foot (medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones) and to wedge-shaped cartilage in the larynx.

Usage

In anatomical and medical writing, use cuneiform as an adjective before the relevant structure: 'the medial cuneiform bone', 'cuneiform cartilage'.

Examples

  • The medial cuneiform bone articulates with the first metatarsal.
  • A stress fracture of the lateral cuneiform is less common than other tarsal injuries.
  • The cuneiform cartilage sits above the corniculate in the laryngeal inlet.
  • On the X-ray, the intermediate cuneiform showed early signs of arthritis.
  • Anatomists describe the three cuneiform bones as medial, intermediate, and lateral.

Common mistakes

Do not confuse the anatomical adjective with the writing system; context usually makes the sense clear. The same misspelling cuniform applies.
IncorrectCorrect
She fractured her cuniform bone. She fractured her cuneiform bone.

Similar words

Usage

In historical and linguistic contexts, cuneiform refers to the ancient Mesopotamian writing system. In anatomy, it describes wedge-shaped structures, especially the three tarsal bones and the laryngeal cartilage.

Common mistakes

Cuniform (dropping the 'e') is a widespread misspelling. In history, cuneiform is sometimes wrongly attributed to Egypt; it originated in ancient Sumer.

Etymology

From New Latin cuneiformis, combining Latin cuneus ('wedge') and forma ('shape') with the suffix -iform ('having the form of'). The anatomical sense entered English in the mid-17th century; the application to the Mesopotamian writing system developed in the early 19th century as European scholars first deciphered tablets found at Persepolis and Nineveh.

FAQ

Who invented cuneiform writing?

Cuneiform was invented by the ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) around 3400–3300 BCE, making it one of the world's earliest writing systems.

How is cuneiform different from hieroglyphics?

Cuneiform was developed in Mesopotamia and uses wedge-shaped impressions in clay. Hieroglyphics were a distinct Egyptian system using pictorial symbols carved or painted on stone and papyrus. The two systems evolved independently.

What does cuneiform mean in Latin?

Cuneiform comes from Latin cuneus (wedge) and forma (shape), meaning 'wedge-shaped'. The name was given by 19th-century European scholars to describe the characteristic wedge impressions of the script.

What is the cuneiform bone?

There are three cuneiform bones in the human foot: the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms. They are small wedge-shaped bones in the tarsus (midfoot) that connect to the metatarsals.

Is cuneiform still used today?

No. Cuneiform gradually fell out of use and was extinct by the 1st century CE. Today it is studied by scholars of ancient Near Eastern languages such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Elamite.

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