doch

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but, however, indeed, actually, after all
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/dɔx/
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Used as a conjunction to contrast statements, as a modal particle to add emphasis or contradict expectations, and as a standalone reply affirming a negative question.

Examples

  • Sie war skeptisch, doch das Ergebnis überzeugte sie.
    She was skeptical, but the result convinced her.
  • Sie hat doch gewonnen.
    She actually won.
  • Ich wollte gehen, doch er hielt mich zurück.
    I wanted to leave, but he stopped me.
  • Du hast das nicht vergessen? – Doch.
    You didn't forget that? – Yes.
  • Ich dachte, es sei zu spät, doch er rief noch an.
    I thought it was too late, but he called again.

Similar words

gewiss
sicher
absolut
mal
ganz
natürlich
ja
schonmal
dennoch
schon

Meanings

Contrastive conjunction

conjunction
everyday
neutral
Introduces a statement that opposes or corrects a previous one, similar to ‘but’ or ‘however’.

Usage

Use doch to introduce a contrast that corrects or opposes a previous statement, similar to ‘but’ or ‘however’.

Examples

  • Ich wollte gehen, doch er hielt mich zurück.
    I wanted to leave, but he stopped me.
  • Sie sagte, sie kommt nicht, doch sie erschien plötzlich.
    She said she wouldn't come, but she appeared suddenly.
  • Er ist müde, doch er arbeitet weiter.
    He is tired, but he keeps working.
  • Wir haben wenig Geld, doch wir reisen trotzdem.
    We have little money, but we travel anyway.
  • Das Wetter ist schlecht, doch das Fest geht weiter.
    The weather is bad, but the festival continues.
  • Ich dachte, es sei zu spät, doch er rief noch an.
    I thought it was too late, but he called again.
  • Sie war skeptisch, doch das Ergebnis überzeugte sie.
    She was skeptical, but the result convinced her.

Common mistakes

The particle is often confused with ‘aber’ or placed incorrectly in the sentence.
IncorrectCorrect
Ich gehe nicht, doch ich bleibe zu Hause. Ich gehe nicht, aber ich bleibe zu Hause.
Doch ich habe das Buch gelesen. Aber ich habe das Buch gelesen.
Er kommt doch nicht. Er kommt aber nicht.
Wir gehen doch ins Kino. Wir gehen aber ins Kino.

Similar words

Emphatic modal particle

adverb
everyday
neutral
Adds emphasis or confirms something, often translating as ‘indeed’, ‘after all’, or ‘actually’.

Usage

Use doch as a modal particle to add emphasis, confirm something, or express ‘indeed’, ‘after all’, ‘actually’.

Examples

  • Du hast doch recht.
    You are indeed right.
  • Das ist doch nicht so schwer.
    That is actually not that hard.
  • Er kommt doch später.
    He actually comes later.
  • Wir haben doch genug Zeit.
    We indeed have enough time.
  • Sie hat doch gewonnen.
    She actually won.
  • Das war doch ein Missverständnis.
    That was indeed a misunderstanding.
  • Du hast doch das Geld vergessen.
    You actually forgot the money.

Common mistakes

It is often placed in the wrong position or confused with other particles like ‘ja’ or ‘schon’.
IncorrectCorrect
Doch er ist nicht hier. Er ist doch nicht hier.
Das ist doch klar. Das ist ja klar.
Er hat doch das Buch gelesen. Er hat das Buch doch gelesen.
Wir gehen doch jetzt. Wir gehen jetzt schon.

Similar words

Affirmative response to a negative question

interjection
everyday
neutral
Used alone to answer ‘yes’ when the question is phrased negatively.

Usage

Use doch alone to answer a negatively phrased question affirmatively, meaning ‘yes’.

Examples

  • Hast du nicht Hunger? – Doch.
    Aren't you hungry? – Yes.
  • Ist das nicht zu teuer? – Doch.
    Isn't that too expensive? – Yes.
  • Du hast das nicht vergessen? – Doch.
    You didn't forget that? – Yes.
  • Sie kommt nicht? – Doch.
    She isn't coming? – Yes.
  • Du hast das nicht gesehen? – Doch.
    You didn't see that? – Yes.
  • Er hat das nicht gesagt? – Doch.
    He didn't say that? – Yes.
  • Wir gehen nicht? – Doch.
    We aren't going? – Yes.

Common mistakes

It is often mistaken for ‘ja’ or omitted, leading to confusion.
IncorrectCorrect
Hast du nicht gegessen? – Ja. Hast du nicht gegessen? – Doch.
Ist das nicht dein Auto? – Nein. Ist das nicht dein Auto? – Doch.
Du hast das nicht gesehen? – Ja. Du hast das nicht gesehen? – Doch.
Du hast das nicht gemacht? – Doch. Du hast das nicht gemacht? – Nein.

Similar words

Usage

Use doch as a contrastive conjunction, an emphatic modal particle, or a standalone affirmative reply to a negative question.

Common mistakes

It is often placed before the verb rather than after, and confused with ‘aber’ or ‘ja’.

Etymology

FAQ

What does doch mean as a conjunction?

Doch introduces a contrast, similar to ‘but’ or ‘however’, correcting or opposing a previous statement.

How is doch used as a modal particle?

As a modal particle, doch adds emphasis or confirmation, translating as ‘indeed’, ‘after all’, or ‘actually’.

When should I answer with doch to a question?

Use doch alone to answer a negatively phrased question affirmatively, meaning ‘yes’.

Can doch replace aber?

No. Aber is a regular conjunction, while doch adds contrast with a modal nuance and is not interchangeable in all contexts.

Is doch used in formal writing?

Doch appears in both spoken and written German; the conjunction use is neutral, while the modal particle use is more informal.

What are common mistakes with doch?

Common errors include placing doch before the verb instead of after, confusing it with aber or ja, and using it in the wrong sense.

What are synonyms for doch?

For the conjunction sense: “aber”, “jedoch”, “hingegen”, etc.; for the particle sense: “ja”, “schon”, “eben”, etc.

What is the English translation of doch?

Depending on context, doch translates as “but”, “however”, “indeed”, “actually”, or simply “yes” when answering a negative question.

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