kas

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who, what, what, what a, how much
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A Latvian pronoun for asking who or what, adding force in exclamations, referring to something indefinite, and linking relative clauses.

Examples

  • Viss, kas sākas viegli, ne vienmēr beidzas viegli.
    Everything that starts easily does not always end easily.
  • Kas par skaistu rītu!
    What a beautiful morning!
  • Kas atnāca pirmais?
    Who arrived first?
  • Grāmata, kas stāv plauktā, ir veca.
    The book that stands on the shelf is old.
  • Ja kas notiek, zvani man.
    If anything happens, call me.

Similar words

kaut kas

Meanings

Asking who or what

pronoun
everyday
neutral
Asks for the identity of a person, thing, event, or content in a direct or indirect question.

Examples

  • Kas tur ir?
    Who or what is there?
  • Kas atnāca pirmais?
    Who arrived first?
  • Kas notiek?
    What is happening?
  • Kas tev palīdzēja?
    Who helped you?
  • Kas rakstīts uz zīmes?
    What is written on the sign?
  • Kas būs vakariņās?
    What will be for dinner?

Similar words

Exclaiming or asking rhetorically

pronoun
everyday
neutral
Strengthens surprise, admiration, denial, or disbelief, often in expressions that mean what a, how much, or what can be done.

Examples

  • Kas par skaistu rītu!
    What a beautiful morning!
  • Kas par troksni gaitenī!
    What a noise in the hallway!
  • Kas tur liels?
    What is the big deal?
  • Kas gan to būtu domājis?
    Who would have thought that?
  • Kas tik tur nebija!
    There was so much there!
  • Kas par ideju!
    What an idea!

Similar words

Something or anything unspecified

pronoun
everyday
neutral
Refers to an unnamed person, thing, event, or possible situation when the exact identity is open or unimportant.

Examples

  • Man tev ir kas sakāms.
    I have something to tell you.
  • Vai šeit ir kas jauns?
    Is there anything new here?
  • Ja kas notiek, zvani man.
    If anything happens, call me.
  • Lai kas arī notiktu, mēs turpināsim.
    Whatever happens, we will continue.
  • Viņam vienmēr atrodas kas darāms.
    He always finds something to do.
  • Tur bija kas neparasts.
    There was something unusual there.

Similar words

Linking a relative clause

pronoun
grammar
neutral
Introduces a clause that identifies or describes a person, thing, event, or whole idea, like who, which, that, or what in English.

Examples

  • Meitene, kas dzied, ir mana māsa.
    The girl who is singing is my sister.
  • Grāmata, kas stāv plauktā, ir veca.
    The book that stands on the shelf is old.
  • Tas, kas notika vakar, visus pārsteidza.
    What happened yesterday surprised everyone.
  • Es zinu, kas tev palīdzēja.
    I know who helped you.
  • Cilvēki, kas gaidīja autobusu, paslēpās no lietus.
    The people who were waiting for the bus hid from the rain.
  • Viss, kas sākas viegli, ne vienmēr beidzas viegli.
    Everything that starts easily does not always end easily.

Similar words

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic kas, with cognates such as Lithuanian kas.

FAQ

What does kas mean?

kas usually means who or what, but it also appears in exclamations, indefinite uses, and relative clauses.

What are the main forms of kas?

The main forms are nominative kas, genitive , dative kam, and accusative ko.

When should ko replace kas?

Use ko when the pronoun is the object, as in Ko tu redzēji? for what did you see?

Can kas refer to people and things?

Yes. kas can ask about or refer to a person, an object, an event, or a whole idea.

How is kas used in relative clauses?

It introduces a clause when the relative word is the subject, as in Meitene, kas dzied.

Does kas have a normal locative form?

Standard Latvian normally uses kur instead of a locative form, though regional kamī is recorded.

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