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what, how many, what kind, what type, something
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/na̠ɴi/
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A versatile interrogative that asks about identity, quantity, type, or reason, and also appears in expressions meaning something unspecified.

Examples

  • 語を話しますか?
    What language do you speak?
  • 色が好きですか?
    What colour do you like?
  • で怒っているの?
    Why are you angry?
  • が起こったのですか?
    What happened?
  • でそんなことをしたの?
    Why did you do that?

Similar words

何か
どちら
どうして
何種
何者
どのくらい
何が故
どれ
何枚
何様

Meanings

What? (identity)

pronoun
everyday
neutral
Used to ask which thing or person is being referred to.

Usage

Use when you want to ask about the identity of something.

Examples

  • ですか?
    What is it?
  • が欲しいですか?
    What do you want?
  • それはですか?
    What is that?
  • を食べましたか?
    What did you eat?
  • が起こったのですか?
    What happened?

Common mistakes

The particle is often omitted or the wrong interrogative is used
IncorrectCorrect
これは何ですか? これはですか?
何が欲しいですか? が欲しいですか?
それは何ですか? それはですか?
何を食べましたか? を食べましたか?

Similar words

How many?

pronoun
everyday
neutral
Used before a counter to ask about the number of items or people.

Usage

Place in front of the appropriate counter to ask about quantity.

Examples

  • 人が来ますか?
    How many people are coming?
  • 本の本を持っていますか?
    How many books do you have?
  • 枚の紙が必要ですか?
    How many sheets of paper are needed?
  • 回行きましたか?
    How many times did you go?
  • 歳ですか?
    How old are you?

Common mistakes

The counter is sometimes left out or the wrong form of 何 is used
IncorrectCorrect
何来ますか? 人が来ますか?
何本持っていますか? 本の本を持っていますか?
何枚必要ですか? 枚の紙が必要ですか?
何歳ですか? 歳ですか?

Similar words

What kind?

pronoun
everyday
neutral
Used in compounds to ask about the type or category of something.

Usage

Combine with a noun (e.g., 色, 語) to ask about its kind.

Examples

  • 色が好きですか?
    What colour do you like?
  • 語を話しますか?
    What language do you speak?
  • 料理が好きですか?
    What cuisine do you like?
  • 仕事をしていますか?
    What job do you do?
  • 映画が好きですか?
    What movie do you like?

Common mistakes

The wrong interrogative is sometimes chosen for type questions
IncorrectCorrect
どんな色が好きですか? 色が好きですか?
どの言語を話しますか? 語を話しますか?
どの料理が好きですか? 料理が好きですか?
どの仕事をしていますか? 仕事をしていますか?

Similar words

Something / Anything

pronoun
everyday
neutral
Used with particles like か or でも to refer to an unspecified thing or to ask if something exists.

Usage

Add か after for “something” and でも for “anything”.

Examples

  • か飲みますか?
    Would you like something to drink?
  • でもいいです。
    Anything is fine.
  • か問題がありますか?
    Is there something wrong?
  • でもやります。
    I will do anything.
  • か手伝いましょうか?
    Shall I help with something?

Common mistakes

The particle is often omitted, changing the meaning
IncorrectCorrect
何飲みますか? か飲みますか?
何でもいいです。 でもいいです。
何か問題がありますか? か問題がありますか?
何でもやります。 でもやります。

Similar words

Why?

adverb
everyday
informal
Used in colloquial speech to ask for a reason or cause.

Usage

Use with the particle で (何で) or the kanji 何故 to ask “why” in informal contexts.

Examples

  • で遅れたの?
    Why were you late?
  • でそんなことをしたの?
    Why did you do that?
  • で怒っているの?
    Why are you angry?
  • でそれが好きなの?
    Why do you like that?
  • で行かなかったの?
    Why didn't you go?

Common mistakes

The phrase is sometimes confused with the identity question
IncorrectCorrect
何が遅れたの? で遅れたの?
何がそんなことをしたの? でそんなことをしたの?
何が怒っているの? で怒っているの?
何が好きなの? で好きなの?

Similar words

Usage

Choose the appropriate reading and particle—何 for identity, 何人 for people, 何色 for colour, 何か for something, and 何で for reason.

Common mistakes

Dropping the necessary particle or using 何 where どれ or なぜ is required.

Etymology

From Old Chinese ɡʰa meaning “what”, borrowed into Japanese and read as なに (nani).

FAQ

What does mean in Japanese?

means “what”, “how many”, or “why” depending on context.

When should I use versus どれ?

Use for open‑ended questions, and どれ when choosing among a known set.

How do I ask “how many people” in Japanese?

Say 人 (nan‑nin) followed by the verb, e.g., 人が来ますか?.

What is the difference between なに and なん?

なに is the default reading; なん appears before certain sounds like です or counters.

Can be used to mean “something”?

Yes, attach the particle か (何か) or でも (何でも) to convey “something/anything”.

How do I ask “why” informally?

Use で (nan‑de) or the kanji 何故 (なぜ) in casual speech.

Is ever used as a noun?

In compounds like 何色 or 何語 it functions as a noun meaning “what kind”.

What particle follows when asking about colour?

Attach the noun directly, e.g., 色が好きですか?.

Why is sometimes read as “nan” before counters?

The sound changes for ease of pronunciation before the following consonant.

Can I use in formal writing?

Yes, but in very formal contexts you may prefer the kanji 何 or the full phrase 何でございますか。

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